Return expectations vary significantly by asset type. The S&P 500 has averaged
roughly 10% to 11% annually over its history since 1957, dropping to around 6.8%
once adjusted for inflation. Bonds have historically returned 3% to 5%, depending on
the bond type, and real estate has averaged around 5.4% annually since the early
1990s, according to CEIC Data.
These are long-term averages, not annual guarantees. Stock returns are volatile year
to year: the S&P 500 finished 2022 down 18%, then posted gains of 26% and 25% in
the two years that followed. A 10% long-term average can include years far above or
far below that number.
Diversification, spreading money across stocks, bonds, and other asset classes, is
the primary way investors manage this volatility. When one holding underperforms,
others may offset it.